Wars

See also:

Ch'ing China - The Opium Wars - Also called the Anglo-Chinese War, the most humiliating defeat China ever suffered.
Emergence Of Modern China - The increase contact with western powers led to war and enforced change.
Emperor of China Declares War on Drugs - An article by Paul Chrastina.
The First Opium War - Article by Maria Christensen.
Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria - Full text written by Commissioner Lin Zexu in the lead up to the war.
The Opium War - Links and discussion forum on both the war and a 1997 movie based upon it, DigitalChina/Harvard project.
The Opium War and the Opening of China - Extended essay on the effects of the war on the opening of China, on social, economical, political, and intellectual levels.
The Treaty of Nanking - Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China.

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